Trucks and other heavy-duty vehicles blocked several main roads leading to two border crossings with Serbia.
Longstanding tensions between authorities and Kosovo's Serb minority have been rising in recent weeks.
The latest protests were triggered by the arrest of a former Serb police officer on Saturday.
Prime Minister Albin Kurti described the protesters as "criminal gangs" and asked the Nato-led peacekeeping Kosovo Force (KFOR) to remove the barricades.
