The University of Miami and the Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation report states the eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano last year was more powerful than the largest US nuclear test.
It involved the collaboration of scientists from numerous agencies including NASA, NIWA, and the Tonga Geological Service.
One of the co-authors, Auckland University Professor Shane Cronin, said the findings increasingly show what a monumental event the eruption was.